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Step 1: thesis on health topics of low-cost or zero cost

By Anibal Velasquez should not be a problem selecting a thesis topic at universities with professors doing research, because usually in these universities are given resources to do a thesis. In such cases all you have to do is to contact students with a teacher to be the guardian of his thesis.

However, few researchers and universities with limited resources to research the situation becomes difficult, example is the high percentage of students completing a career or a graduate and have no the corresponding title.

This blog is intended for students who can not afford and do not have the assistance of a tutor, in this sense are two low-cost options that can be chosen for a thesis. Although the student will need to check in your college if there is any restriction for this type of research.

Research topics are suggested that can be done with secondary sources

studies

secondary sources are observational studies that examine available databases that were developed by other institutions or researchers. Usually these databases are surveys household or evaluation of services or programs. This group also found that systematic reviews involve the review and summary of results of other investigations. In this case, the investigation begins with the selection of variables and the search for possible relationships of variables that can be investigated in the databases, ie research depends on the available data.

The following thesis suggests some issues related to these studies, likewise, identifies the skills and resources necessary for students to conduct these investigations. These investigations suggested will be developed gradually in this blog.

1. Equity analysis of some health condition or access any service, program or funding

cognitive powers
conceptual and methodological basis of equity analysis


Operating Skills required databases, build variables, handle tools basic statistical analysis in any statistical software. Databases household surveys some geographical area

Resource requirements  Dictionary
code database and questionnaires
 Spreadsheet Gini coefficient (Concentration) and the Lorenz curve (concentration)
2. Analysis of the demand for health services


Cognitive Skills Conceptual and methodological analysis of the demand for health services


Operating Skills required databases, build variables, multivariate analysis tools ( Probit regression, sensitivity analysis)


Resource requirements  Databases household surveys to investigate access to health services  Dictionary
code database and questionnaires
 Guide for the analysis, syntax (SPSS) or the C file (STATA), the spreadsheet
sensitivity analysis
3. Analysis of risk factors for illness or injury

cognitive powers
Conceptual and methodological analysis of risk factors


Operating Skills required databases, build variables, calculation of OR and 95%, use multivariate analysis tools (logistic regression) to adjust the OR


Resource requirements  Databases household surveys to investigate prevalence of illness or injury  Dictionary
code database and questionnaires
 Guide for the analysis, syntax (SPSS) or the C file (STATA)

4. Assessing health impact of programs

cognitive powers
Conceptual and methodological impact assessment through secondary sources


Operating Skills required databases, multivariate analysis using tools and / or multilevel technique Propensity Score Matching and / or analysis of exogeneity


Resource requirements  Bases household survey data to investigate any health conditions and access to services or programs  Dictionary
code database and questionnaires
 Guide for impact assessment

5. Burden of disease study

cognitive powers
conceptual and methodological basis of the estimation of disease burden

know how to estimate the epidemiological parameters for the calculation of DALYs and DALY (incidence rate of disability, age onset, duration of illness). Skills required

Operating
databases and spreadsheets for prevalence or incidence of selected disease. Handle some statistics to estimate the incidence prediction from incomplete data. Managing DISMOD II software to estimate the epidemiological parameters that are not available, and Ges Mor software for the calculation of DALYs and DALY


Resource requirements  Database of services statistics, epidemiological surveillance, mortality , household surveys have assessed the prevalence of selected damage
 Guide for the estimated epidemiological parameters needed to calculate DALYs and DALY
 Tables of coefficients of disability 
DISMOD II software and software  Ges Mor
natural history of disease

6. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of treatments or interventions in public health competencies


cognitive information search techniques and methodology of systematic reviews


necessary skills Ability to find, systematize and evaluate the quality of published research on effectiveness of interventions or treatments. Ability to do a meta-analysis, using some software (eg Epi-data) Resource requirements


 Internet access and virtual libraries to obtain full articles of selected research
 Guide to Systematic Reviews
 Guide to meta-analysis or indicator for the effectiveness of interventions or treatments

7. Cost-effectiveness of interventions, treatments and health technologies

cognitive powers
conceptual and methodological basis of cost-effectiveness through secondary sources. Information retrieval techniques and methodology of the reviews
systematic

necessary skills Ability to search, organize and evaluate the quality of published research on the effectiveness of interventions or treatments
capacity to make a meta-analysis, using some software (eg Epi-data) Ability to
a cost analysis (optional in case there is a cost study that is evaluating treatment)


Resource requirements  Internet access and virtual libraries to obtain full articles of selected research
 Access to information costs of the intervention or treatment to be evaluated (if any)
 Guide to Systematic Reviews
 Guide to
cost estimates  Guide to meta-analysis or indicator for the effectiveness of interventions or treatments
 Guide to the cost-effectiveness analysis 
Sheet calculation for the cost-effectiveness and sensitivity analysis

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Step 1 . Thesis problem selection


By Anibal Velásquez

This step is the main barrier to doing a thesis because, in general, the student intends to make a complex investigation to discover something that nobody will have occurred. Others claim that the thesis students solve problems in the services or the health system and some think it's a chance to be famous.

is important to note that this level of demand is oversized, since it is very common that the student does not have financial resources nor the time to make his thesis. This stage is strongly influenced by the availability of resources. It is better to accept that the thesis is an academic requirement for the degree and often has to choose a research topic than just feasible.

Skills required in this step:

1. Cognitive

The student must know information search techniques and learn how to identify variables and define the relationship of variables to be investigated. It is a time to learn has to ask questions and formulate hypotheses. Also, need to have information on viable dissertation topics in the area of \u200b\u200bexpertise and the resources needed and available to do a thesis.

2.

Skills Students should be able to read English scientific information, communicate with researchers and seek relevant information to choose the thesis topic. Also, be prepared to make the information obtained is converted into variables and relationships of variables.

The student should be able to present their research ideas in terms of variables and hypotheses. An important skill is to be able to find the resources to do research.

3. Attitudes

The student must be willing to make a viable research therefore be prepared emotionally to choose a topic that does not necessarily satisfy.

Resource requirements: §

Advisor (not mandatory, but much easier if the adviser is a researcher with a research and available data)
§ Funding (Required but not essential. There are research topics that can be done without funding)
§ Data from secondary sources (many theses can be performed using databases from other studies or surveys. Important decisions are based on analysis of sources secondary)
§ Examples of research (it is essential to have a finished model of research to be chosen for the thesis. Do not begin the investigation but has a full idea what is going to conclude its investigation)

Photo: Rodin's The Thinker Museum in Washington. Credit: Anibal Velasquez

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How to do a thesis? How

Anibal Velásquez

For This Blog, step by step methodology to develop a thesis based on DISCOVERMIC phone [1]

8 Steps to develop a thesis

Step 1.
problem selection Step 2. Project formulation
Step 3. Search
resources Step 4. Collection and data preparation
Step 5. Analysis
Step 6.
interpretation Step 7. Written report of the investigation
Step 8. Presentation and support of the thesis

The key to success lies in step 1 because here we define the feasibility of carrying out a thesis.

[1] Anibal Velásquez. DISCOVERMIC. Media Guide for research in health sciences. Lima, Peru

Photography: Beach in Punto Fijo, Venezuela. Credit: Anibal Velasquez

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discover problems to investigate? Investigative

By Anibal Velásquez [1]


Scientific research begins with the search for problems and not with the traditional approach to the problem as follows, and this search is therefore an attitude rather than a particular method.

The methodology of scientific research begins with the statement of the problem. The researcher used the method when it has a problem or a hypothesis you need to check.

really what differentiates an investigation of another is the ability of the researcher to uncover problems in the complexity of nature and the universe, and there is a number of investigations that are considered true complement other scientific revolutions.

Some researchers reflect on the cognitive processes engaged when they discover a major problem or a brilliant idea, suggest some elements that might be useful when you start the research activity. In an effort to systematize and organize a strategy for search problems, described below the following considerations:

Development of wonder and curiosity

Usually the curiosity of scientists is aimed at finding things or relationships that he notices that no have satisfactory explanation. The explanations usually involve connecting new ideas and observations with facts or ideas accepted. The strong desire felt by the scientific search for fundamental principles of data in a universe devoid of obvious relationship. The realization of a difficulty or problem, is a stimulus for generating ideas. Reading

publications
scientific
There is now a massive and overwhelming information, more than 100,000 published scientific journals, of which 30,000 are in biomedicine are written each year over five million items, which means 13.900 per day, or about 10 per minute.

rebels Although this inability to keep up, not all articles are of concern, most are filled with a few lines of research that are fashionable, well that is not always published works are the best.

You need a methodology to get out of such information, which suggests an area of \u200b\u200binterest and review articles in a general way, without going into detail, in order to find ideas to investigate, please read magazines that are multidisciplinary reviews of topics, and then try to make analogies with other areas and specialties. This reading should be critical and very thoughtful.

publications is best read when you have a hypothesis or an idea, to direct our search. Get good background on what you want to investigate, even on information that demonstrates the opposite of what we think.

Some believe that when you read articles from others who deal with a problem of our interest, they condition our mind in such a way that makes it difficult to find new and profitable solutions. Many successful researchers were not trained in the branch of science in which the brightest made their discoveries: Pasteur, Galvani Metschinkoff and are familiar examples. Bernard said "what we know is our biggest obstacle to learning what you do not know" and Byron wrote, "to be perfectly original one must think hard and read little and this is impossible, because one must have read before they learn to think."

To escape this dilemma you need to read without mentally conditioned to the author's opinion, this could be achieved by training divergent thinking and lateral thinking in order to maintain the independence of mind and avoid the convention. The originality of vision and perspective not necessarily suffer if the reading is used as a stimulus to thought.

Beveridge states that "one of the most common errors and young scientists starting in the research, they believe everything they read."

participate in a research and discussion

productive mental effort is often triggered by intellectual exchange. Discuss a problem with someone can help in any of these ways:

"The other person can contribute a suggestion useful, even if a person is completely foreign to the subject, for example, the introduction of agar as base of solid media, was due to a suggestion of the wife of a colleague of Koch.

-can also, an idea arising from the accumulation of information and ideas of two or more people, the discussion provides a valuable means to discover the errors. The exchange of ideas can be challenging, stimulating and enjoyable, especially when you're worried or in difficulty. The most important function of the discussion is as Beveridge "help to escape the habit of thought established unsuccessful, ie, conditioned thinking, the discussion should be in a spirit of mutual help and trust, and nobody should be ashamed to admit their ignorance. "conscious ignorance and intellectual honesty are important attributes of the researcher, the discussion is useful both formal and in workshops.

Development imagination and improvement of everyday thinking

scientist needs enough imagination to represent in his mind certain processes, so how are things which are not found and to generate hypotheses.

While imagination is stronger Inspiration can also be dangerous but is disciplined, a fertile imagination necesita ser balanceada mediante la crítica y el juicio. Uno imagina para encontrar nuevas vías, soluciones y nuevos hallazgos; pero para materializarlos se necesita de la razón, "La mente debe mantenerse libre incluso, decía Darwin, de sus hipótesis más queridas tan pronto como los hechos se opongan a ella".

Cada vez que nuestros pensamientos siguen una dirección determinada, es muy probable que sigan las misma las próximas veces. Las ideas de estas cadenas de pensamiento, forman asociaciones cada vez más firmes a medida que se usan, hasta que finalmente las conexiones están tan bien establecidas que la unión es muy difícil de romper. El pensar se convierte en condicionado. Se evita abandonando for a while and then resume the track to detect an error, so the discussion is to get out of conditioning. Development



intuition to prolonged meditation on the problem and data, until the mind is saturated with them, allows for intuitive thinking. To this should be a great interest in the problem and should be intense desire to achieve a solution. For days, the mind must work consciously on the problem and thus obtain the cooperation of the subconscious. Naturally, the more appropriate are the research data held by the mind, the greater the opportunity for the conclusion.

An important condition is free of other interests and other issues competing for our attention. To which will need to be safe from interruptions or from any influence that distract us.

Most people find that the insights are more likely during periods of apparent idleness or temporary abandonment, consecutive stages of hard work. Other people find that the best time is when they are lying, either before bedtime or before getting up. Others are a positive influence with music.

The new ideas that come to mind disappear in a relatively short time so it is good practice to record all ideas even if they seem insignificant.

How are scientific discoveries?

Methods using the findings can be classified according to Garrett (1963), with the clarification that not all findings can be clearly categorized into one of these classes.

a) Trial and error: it depends heavily enough to make experiments, one of them will probably give the desired results.

b) Discovering planned research depends heavily on employers or the theory of the facts, protocols, and the data collected.

c) By accident, is one of the most intriguing to study. It takes the following factors: first the opportunity that leverages the prepared mind, and second the element of "Serendipity" (the right to have happy coincidences or making happy and unexpected discoveries by accident) that is essential to many discoveries. In addition to careful observation, good imagination, an agile mind, persistent effort, courage and ability to unite orthodox thoughts objectively, and ability to see and think about the unexpected.

d) Occasionally the method of "chance", that is to do an experiment and see what happens.

creative men have in common their perseverance, when asked why Edison responded to its success, that "99% perspiration and 1% inspiration." It is true that you need a proper intellectual level, but his attitude makes persistent increase its level of quality of genius. Therefore, almost every notable scientists have been characterized by a spirit of indomitable perseverance, and most findings require persistence and courage to face the repeated frustrations. Pasteur said "let me tell you the secret that has led me to the finish. My only strength lies in my tenacity."

[1] Taken from Velásquez A. The Creative Process: The syndrome of seeing the invisible and do the impossible. INTERCIENCIA 1994, 19 (4): 197-204. Available at: http://www.interciencia.org/v19_04/ensayo.html , October 24, 2007

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Photo: My daughter Lissette at the Museum of Manitoba, Canada. Credit: Anibal Velasquez

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Attitude and Knowledge Research Techniques

By Anibal Velásquez


makes no sense to teach research methodology with a traditional discursive method, and follow the guidelines of an ordinary book.

Scientific research is an activity that involves the application of a method, but in the development of a cognitive process product of a scientific mind.

activation process is done by a high motivation to learn the environment and a need for change. This motivation coupled with perseverance is what has allowed that few men have been the protagonists of progress.

What good is knowing the scientific method if you have ideas or problems to investigate, a hypothesis to prove or defend a theory.

consider it more important to develop a research attitude and thoughtful scientific minds to discover the problems. This attitude coupled with the ability to display imagination hipótesisque will guide the research.

Thus begins the journey of discovery and problem-solving. Investigative Attitude



Those who think that to do research first need to know research methodology, and magically, through the application of recipes, you can do research, they are wrong.

Those who think that to be creative or to do research leading edge or border, have to spend many years so you can discover something new and needed to be a specialist or professional to do, so they are.

Those who prefer to leave research for those born spontaneously with an attitude research, who believe that has nothing to do with their personal aspirations, and not everyone has the opportunity to be pioneers, to build a future, discovering new knowledge and solve problems.

A person may have acquired a good theoretical and good training in research methods and techniques and yet vital attitudes and certain personality traits may hinder the investigation.

Man by nature is a challenge and transform their environment, it is rather unnatural that man is not. Hence the need to assume a scientific attitude, not as being for when doing science, but as vital attitude in all circumstances and times of life.

What is and what this research attitude? In general terms, can be defined as the willingness to stop in front of things to try to unravel. Scientific work, in substance, is to formulate and try to solve problems. This is what some called "reflection of the researcher" and called Pavlov reflex "What is this?". This question and question guides and sensitizes our ability to detect, to admire, to ask. "Oh, the filthy mental inertia, the inadmirabilidad of the ignorant" Ramón y Cajal exclaim against those who were unable to stop with things, admired and questioning.

have made numerous research papers in order to determine the characteristics of a creative scientist, and has not found a definite pattern, although they all have in common a high motivation and a remarkable perseverance.

search attitude and insatiable curiosity, leads to permanent "interrogative tension," open to doubt and to review what has already been discovered and challenged by what is known, this leads to an existential attitude to life and science are not separate. Both are not only dissociated but every one should serve to enrich the other, given that life is a totality and science aspect of the whole.

scientific thought, Bachelard said, "is an active workbook, a book at once bold and prudent, a book which we would like and a new improved version, consolidated, reorganized. This is really a thought of being in growth path. " Therefore, the scientific attitude is the attitude of the man who lives in a painstaking investigate, questioned by a reality he admires and wonders.

not believe that because a student, or professional in a particular specialty will not be able to criticize and analyze and propose solutions in other fields, remember that great discoveries were not made by specialists.

Did you know ... he who first described the microscopic organisms and closely was not a professional, "scientific" formal, let alone a man related to the biological sciences ... was a magnifying lens polisher, by their curiosity beyond facts discovered the first optical microscope, and the first organisms.

... that Pasteur was not a biologist or doctor, a chemist, and discovered vaccines, bacteria, described diseases, etc.

... a medical student who first discovered the Gram stain, dyes tested in cells, found in some samples contaminated with bacteria, when using certain colors a stained and others not, so it was a great contribution to differentiate bacteria

... also a student who discovered a method for the production of aluminum, which is currently made this one of the cheaper metals ... another medical student showed that Oroya fever and Peruvian wart were the same disease, for which were infected to death and used for the description of the disease ... and another student was the one who discovered the infectious agent Chagas disease in Venezuela.

Photo: Lissette, my daughter, at the Museum of Manitoba, Canada, August 2007

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Tesisnetsalud: a blog to assist students in health sciences

This blog has been created to assist students in health sciences who need to develop a thesis grade.

In this blog you will find a guide for choosing research topics and develop the thesis. Gradually, published materials and applications that facilitate the work of students.

Photo: a workshop on health needs assessment in Chiclayo, Peru. Credit: Anibal Velasquez